城市公园绿地空间布局与供需匹配研究——以兰州市为例

以兰州主城区为例，运用核密度估计法，在对公园绿地空间布局特征分析的基础上，采用改进的两步移动搜索法对公园绿地供需匹配性进行评价，并探究其成因。结果表明:1)公园绿地总体分布呈现整体分散、局部集中的特征；不同类型公园绿地空间布局模式存在较大差异，综合公园呈现“均匀式”布局态势，专类公园呈现“双核心”空间格局，社区公园呈现“西密东疏”的集聚特征。2)主城区公园绿地供需匹配程度总体呈现出“北高南低、西高东低”空间分布特征；从西北—东南向剖面来看，总体呈现出“M”型分布态势；不同类型公园绿地供需比值均大致呈现出“西高东低”的共性特征，但由于各类公园绿地分布数量、面积和服务半径的差异，不同类型公园绿地与人口供需匹配程度也存在差异。3)人口分布、交通路网、公园绿地自身及周边环境是影响城市公园绿地供需匹配度空间分异的主要因素。     

外源ABA对苹果砧木叶片解剖结构 及内源激素含量的影响

通过光镜和透射电镜分别观察外源脱落酸（ABA）处理下楸子（Malus prunifolia）、平邑甜茶（M. hupehensis）和新疆野苹果（M. sieversii）叶片解剖结构及叶绿体超微结构的变化，利用扫描电镜和酶联免疫法分别研究ABA处理对叶片气孔特征及其内源激素含量的影响。结果表明：与对照相比，ABA处理下楸子、平邑甜茶和新疆野苹果的叶厚分别减少了7.93%、0.25%和0.81%，栅栏组织厚度分别减少了31.43%、8.53%和4.99%（P＜0.05），海绵组织厚度分别增加了10.34%、6.14%和5.63%（P＜0.05），叶肉组织结构疏松度（SR）分别增加了19.59%、6.55%和6.50%。ABA处理下楸子和平邑甜茶的栅栏组织/海绵组织厚度比值（P/S）及叶肉组织结构紧密度（CTR）较对照显著减少（P＜0.05），其中，P/S值分别下降37.86%和13.82%，CTR分别下降25.46%和8.29%，而新疆野苹果的P/S值和CTR下降但不显著。此外，ABA处理下楸子和平邑甜茶的上表皮细胞厚度较对照分别增加了5.82%和6.43%，新疆野苹果的较对照减少了26.23%（P＜0.05）；楸子和新疆野苹果的下表皮细胞厚度较对照增加了12.09%和14.21%（P＜0.05），平邑甜茶的较对照减少了12.56%。平邑甜茶和新疆野苹果叶片上下角质层厚度较对照显著增加（P＜0.05），而楸子的变化不显著。在ABA诱导下，3种砧木的气孔密度、气孔大小（长度×宽度）及其开口度和开张比均不同程度地下降，其中，楸子的较对照分别下降了3.62%、7.12%×19.59%、67.60%和86.66%，平邑甜茶的分别下降了3.50%、4.99%×20.65%、32.42%和58.24%，新疆野苹果的分别下降了8.54%、0.92%×12.06%、20.37%和16.35%。ABA处理下3种砧木叶片细胞中叶绿体的数量变少，类囊体结构排列疏松，叶绿体上的淀粉粒趋于变小。外施ABA使3种砧木叶片内源ABA和玉米素核苷（ZR）的含量极显著增加（P＜0.01），其中楸子ABA和ZR含量比对照分别增加30.83%和13.31%，平邑甜茶的分别增加62.40%和45.28%，而新疆野苹果的分别增加了37.07%和17.06%。楸子和新疆野苹果叶片的吲哚乙酸（IAA）和赤霉素（GA）含量无显著变化，而平邑甜茶叶片的IAA及GA含量比对照分别增加了62.62%和20.62%（P＜0.01）。总之，在ABA处理下，3种苹果砧木的叶片组织解剖结构和气孔特征都发生旱生性结构变化，叶肉细胞中淀粉粒趋于变小，叶片内源ABA和ZR水平增加显著，而IAA和GA水平变化因基因型不同而存在差异。     

草地生态系统中植被冠层截留的研究进展

草地植被冠层截留是草地生态系统对降水再分配的主要过程，属于草地生态系统蒸散发的组分之一。由于草地植被冠层截留常在草地生态系统水量平衡研究中被忽略而导致蒸散发组分的划分中存在误差。因此，讨论草地植被冠层截留对草地生态水文学的研究具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。本论文通过对目前草地植被冠层截留研究的现状和存在问题，从草地植被冠层截留的测定方法和主要的影响因素（环境因子和植被特征）2方面论述草地植被冠层截留的研究进展。分析发现，草地植被冠层截留的影响因素研究主要集中在降水特征、气象条件、放牧和植被特征等方面，各因素的综合影响研究仍然非常缺乏，测定方法的准确性有待评估。     

长期施肥对黄土旱塬农田土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷的影响

为研究长期不同施肥方式对土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量的影响,以国家黄土高原农业生态试验站长期定位施肥试验为研究对象,选取不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、单施磷肥(P)、施氮磷肥(NP)、单施有机肥(M)、氮肥配施有机肥(NM)、磷肥配施有机肥(PM)、氮磷肥配施有机肥(NPM)8个处理,应用氯仿熏蒸-浸提法和生态化学计量比,研究了30 a不同施肥方式下土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量变化及其与土壤基本理化性状的关系。结果表明:长期施肥较CK处理均能提高土壤微生物量氮、磷含量;与CK相比,施用化肥处理的微生物量碳含量均有所降低,而微生物量氮、磷含量显著提高;除NM处理外,施用有机肥处理的土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量较CK处理均显著提高。长期单施化肥、有机肥和化肥有机肥配施处理的微生物量C∶N显著低于CK处理,等量施磷处理(P、NP、PM、NPM)的微生物量C∶P、N∶P均低于CK和其余施肥处理,而NM处理的微生物量C∶P、N∶P显著高于其余处理。冗余分析显示,土壤全氮(F=13.9,P=0.002)对土壤微生物生物量影响最大,解释了微生物量变化的5.3%,各理化性质的影响顺序为全氮全磷pH有机质;相关性分析表明,土壤微生物量碳、磷分别与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷呈显著正相关,土壤微生物量氮与有机质、全氮呈显著正相关。长期单施化肥使土壤酸碱度发生改变,对微生物的生命活动产生抑制作用。而长期化肥配施有机肥能不同程度提高土壤养分含量,促进土壤微生物的生长繁殖,进而增强微生物对碳、氮、磷等元素的吸收利用,对于提高土壤肥力和肥料利用率具有重要意义。     

纹党和红芪加工废弃物活性多糖对衰老小鼠的抗氧化作用

为了研究陇南道地中药材纹党和红芪加工废弃物中活性多糖对衰老小鼠的抗氧化作用，用低糖低脂饲料适应性喂养小鼠15 d，以剂量为500 mg·kg^-1颈部皮下注射D-半乳糖（D-galactose）溶液构建小鼠亚急性衰老模型。将建模成功的小鼠随机分为正常对照组、衰老模型组、纹党多糖（Codonopisis pilosula polysaccharides, CPP）、红芪多糖（Hedysarum polybotrys polysaccharides ,CHP）剂量处理组和阳性（V_E170 mg·kg^-1）处理组。连续灌胃给药28 d，研究两种多糖对衰老小鼠体重及动物脏器指数、血清中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活力变化以及丙二醛（MDA）的含量变化。经过测定，提取的纹党多糖和红芪多糖得率分别为16.52%和13.96%，纯度为 99.65%和99.38%，剂量在400 mg·kg^-1时纹党多糖对衰老小鼠治疗效果明显优于红芪多糖，其心脏和脾脏指数、血清中的SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活力均高于模型组，血清中的MDA含量均低于模型组，对衰老小鼠具有缓解体重下降的作用。结果表明，纹党多糖和红芪多糖均能提高衰老小鼠的抗氧化作用，且纹党多糖和红芪多糖联用后抗氧化和抗衰老能力最好。     

Responses of glutamine synthetase activity and gene expression to nitrogen levels in winter wheat cultivars with different grain protein content

Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a central role in plant nitrogen (N) metabolism, which improves crops grain protein content. A pot experiment in field condition was carried out to evaluate GS expression and activity, and grain protein content in high (Wanmai16) and low grain protein (Loumai24) wheat cultivars under two N levels (0.05 and 0.15 g N kg⁻¹ soil). High nitrogen (HN) resulted in significant increases in GS1 and GS2 expression at 10 days after anthesis (DAA), and higher GS activity during the entire grain filling stage. HN also significantly increased yield, grain protein content and protein fraction (except for glutenin of Luomai24) in two wheat cultivars, which indicated that it increased grain yield and protein content by improving nitrogen metabolism. Wanmai16 showed higher grain protein content, gliadin and glutenin content, and had higher expression level of GS2 both in flag leaves and grains at early grain filling stage. However, Luomai24 had greater yield and higher expression level of GS1. The difference expression of GS2 and GS1 genes indicates they had various contributions to the accumulation of protein and starch in wheat grains, respectively. The results suggest that GS2 would be serving as a potential breeding target for improving wheat quality.     

Impact of grassland contract policy on soil organic carbon losses from alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Carbon storage in the soils on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau plays a very important role in the global carbon budget. In the 1990s, a policy of contracting collective grasslands to smaller units was implemented, resulting in a change from the traditional collective grassland management to two new management patterns: a multi‐household management pattern (MMP: grassland shared by several households without enclosures) and a single‐household management pattern (SMP: grassland enclosed and used by only one household). In 2016, 50 MMP and 54 SMP winter pastures on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau were sampled to assess the differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) between the two management patterns. Results showed that average SOC was significantly greater under MMP than under SMP, with an estimated 0.41 Mg C/ha/yr lost due to SMP following the new grassland contract. Based on the government's grassland policy, four grassland utilization scenarios were developed for both summer and winter pastures. We found that if the grassland were managed under SMP, likely C losses ranged between 0.31 × 10⁷ and 6.15 × 10⁷ Mg C/yr across the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau relative to MMP, which more closely resembles pre‐1990s grassland management. Previous estimates of C losses have only considered land use change (with cover change) and ignored the impacts driven by land management pattern changes (without cover change). The new data suggest that C losses from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau are greater than previously estimated, and therefore that the grassland contract policy should be reviewed and SMP households should be encouraged to reunite into the MMP. These findings have potential implications for land management strategies not only on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau but also other grazing regions globally where such practices may exist.     

鸡Prnp基因原核表达载体的构建及其在大肠埃希菌中的表达

试验旨在构建鸡Prnp基因原核表达载体,并在大肠埃希菌中进行表达,为制备鸡朊蛋白单克隆抗体提供材料。根据GenBank已报道的鸡Prnp基因组序列和pET-28a质粒多克隆位点设计引物,以健康的鸡全血基因组DNA为材料,采用PCR的方法扩增鸡的Prnp基因,将目的基因片段与pET-28a载体连接,构建重组原核表达载体。重组菌转化到E. coli BL21(DE3)感受态细胞中,并用异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside,IPTG)进行诱导表达,十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)鉴定表达的重组蛋白。结果表明,重组蛋白在诱导剂的终浓度为0.08 mmol·L^-1,16 ℃,220 r·min^-1诱导7 h,蛋白表达量最高。综上所述,本研究成功构建了pET-28a-ChPrnp重组表达菌株,为Prnp朊蛋白的结构、生理功能和致病机制研究提供方法。     

Study on a soil erosion sampling survey in the Pan-Third Pole region based on higher-resolution images

Soil erosion is one of the most severe global environmental problems, and soil erosion surveys are the scientific basis for planning soil conservation and ecological development. To improve soil erosion sampling survey methods and accurately and rapidly estimate the actual rates of soil erosion, a Pan-Third Pole region was taken as an example to study a methodology of soil erosion sampling survey based on high-spatial-resolution remote sensing images. The sampling units were designed using a stratified variable probability systematic sampling method. The spatiotemporal characteristics of soil erosion and conservation were taken into account, and finer-resolution freely available and accessible images in Google Earth were used. Through the visual interpretation of the free high-resolution remote sensing images, detailed information on land use and soil conservation measures was obtained. Then, combined with the regional soil erosion factor data products, such as rainfall-runoff erosivity factor (R), soil erodibility factor (K), and slope length and steepness factor (LS), the soil loss rates of some sampling units were calculated. The results show that, based on these high-resolution remote sensing images, the land use and soil conservation measures of the sampling units can be quickly and accurately extracted. The interpretation accuracy in 4 typical cross sections was more than 80%, and sampling accuracy, described by histogram similarity in 11 large sampling sites, show that the landuse of sampling uints can represent the structural characteristics of regional land use. Based on the interpretation of data from the sample survey and the regional soil erosion factor data products, the calculation of the soil erosion rate can be completed quickly. The calculation results can reflect the actual conditions of soil erosion better than the potential soil erosion rates calculated by using the coarse-resolution remote sensing method.     

CO2浓度增加对半干旱区马铃薯生长动态及产量、品质的影响

为了解CO₂浓度升高条件下马铃薯生长动态及其产量、品质的变化特征,在典型半干旱区（甘肃定西）利用开顶式气室(OTC)试验平台,以马铃薯‘新大坪’为供试品种,设对照(390 μmol·mol^-1)和590 μmol·mol^-1共2个CO₂浓度梯度,开展CO₂浓度增加模拟试验。结果表明：CO₂浓度增加至590 μmol·mol^-1时,马铃薯发育加快,生育期提前,全生育期天数缩短3 d;CO₂浓度升高对马铃薯株高、叶面积指数、叶绿素含量和叶片水势有明显促进作用。随着生育进程的推移,马铃薯地上部干物质生产对CO₂浓度的响应值呈现先变大再变小的趋势。CO₂浓度增加促进了马铃薯块茎产量的提高,单株结薯数和单株薯块质量也有所增加。与对照相比,590 μmol·mol^-1CO₂处理马铃薯块茎水分、蛋白质、维生素C含量以及铁、锌、铜元素含量分别下降3.43%、11.78%、13.09%、25.58%、31.94%和9.76%,而粗淀粉、粗脂肪、粗纤维和还原糖含量分别增加10.56%、240.00%、14.28%、106.38%。